Inhaltsverzeichnis
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1. Introduction
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2. Frustration
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2.1. Frustration as legal principle
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2.2. Specific criteria for frustration
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2.3. The legal consequences of frustration
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2.4. Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943
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3. Frustration in times of Covid-19
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3.1. Contract conclusion before the Covid-19 outbreak
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3.1.1. Foreseeability
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3.1.2. Fundamental change of the situation
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3.2. Contract conclusion after the official declaration as pandemic
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3.2.1. Foreseeability
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3.2.2. Fundamental change of the situation
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4. Force majeure
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4.1. General principle
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4.2. The legal consequences of the force majeure clause
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5. Requirements for the force majeure excuse in times of Covid-19
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5.1. Implementation of the force majeure clause in the sales contract
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5.2. The occurrence of a force majeure event
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5.2.1. The pandemic as the event
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5.2.2. Subsequent effects of the pandemic as the event
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5.3. Prevention from performance
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5.4. Circumstances beyond a party’s reasonable control
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5.5. Causation between event and non-performance
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5.5.1. The event being the cause for non-performance
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5.5.2. Other reasons for non-performance besides Covid-19
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5.6. No reasonable steps possible to mitigate the loss
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5.7. Burden of Proof
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6. Government actions
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7. Summary
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8. Possibilities for case law developments in English courts
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9. Closing words
